Bill of exchange

คำศัพท์เกี่ยวกับ International Organazation

1.ESCAP : ( Economic And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific) หรือ แอสแคป (ESCAP) คณะกรรมการเศรษฐกิจและสังคมแห่งเอเชียและแปซิฟิก
2.FAO : ( Food and Agriculture Organization of the Uniteds Nations หรือ FAO) องค์การอาหารและการเกษตรแห่งสหประชาชาติ
3.IBRD : ( International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IBRD)  ธนาคารเพื่อการบูรณะและพัฒนาระหว่างประเทศ  หรือเรียกว่า  ธนาคารโลก (World Bank)
4.UNICEF : (United Nations Children's Fund - UNICEF) กองทุนเพื่อเด็กแห่งสหประชาชาติ หรือ ยูนิเซฟ
5.UNWTO : The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) องค์การการท่องเที่ยวโลก
6.APEC :  (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation : APEC)  ความร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจเอเชีย-แปซิฟิก (เอเปก)
7.WOT :  (World Trade Organization, WTO) องค์การการค้าโลก
8.FIFA : ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association) หรือ ฟีฟ่า (FIFA) สหพันธ์ฟุตบอลระหว่างประเทศ
9.OPEC : ( Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries-OPEC)  กลุ่มโอเปค
10.IMF : ( International Monetary Fund) หรือ ไอเอ็มเอฟ (IMF)  กองทุนการเงินระหว่างประเทศ
11.WCO : (World Customs Organization: WCO) องค์การศุลกากรโลก
12.EFTA : (Thailand - EFTA Free Trade Agreement: TEFTA)ความตกลงเขตการค้าเสรีระหว่างไทย-EFTA
13.ASEAN : (Association of South East Asian Nations) หรือ อาเซียน  สมาคมประชาชาติแห่งเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้
14.NATO : ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization) มีชื่อย่อว่า นาโต (NATO) องค์การสนธิสัญญาป้องกันแอตแลนติกเหนือ
15.NAFTA : (North American Free Trade Agreement) หรือเรียกคำย่อว่า นาฟตา (NAFTA)  ข้อตกลงการค้าเสรีอเมริกาเหนือ

Incoterms

The Incoterms® rules are an internationally recognized standard and are used worldwide in international and domestic contracts for the sale of goods. First published in 1936, Incoterms® rules provide internationally accepted definitions and rules of interpretation for most common commercial terms.

The rules have been developed and maintained by experts and practitioners brought together by ICC and have become the standard in international business rules setting. They help traders avoid costly misunderstandings by clarifying the tasks, costs and risks involved in the delivery of goods from sellers to buyers. Incoterms® rules are recognized by UNCITRAL as the global standard for the interpretation of the most common terms in foreign trade.

Please note that all contracts made under INCOTERMS®  2000 remain valid even after 2011.  Moreover, although we recommend using Incoterms® 2010 after 2011, parties to a contract for the sale of goods can agree to choose any version of the Incoterms rules after 2011. It is important however to clearly specify the chosen version INCOTERMS® 2010, INCOTERMS® 2000 or any earlier version.

 

ที่มา  http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms/

CONTEXT CLUES

Using examples or illustrations, an author tries to show what a word means. A writer may give just one example or several. Remember that these examples are not synonyms. Look for words or phrases like "such as," "including," or "consists of." Colons (:) and dashes (-) can also signal examples.
The river was full of noxious materials such as cleaning agents from factories and pesticides from the nearby farms.
This third grade was full of precocious children. One child had learned to read at two and another could do algebra at age 6.
When going to an office party you should show your best decorum, for example, dress your best, drink and eat moderately, and be sure to thank the host before you leave.

1. cubbyhole

I have always lived in cubbyholes. After moving away from home, my first apartment was just a cubbyhole in a large building. It was no more that 8' by 12' and had a bed in one corner. My second was no more that a large walk-in closet. My current one is about 10 feet long by 12 feet wide, but it at least has two rooms.

1. cubbyhole

I have always lived in cubbyholes. After moving away from home, my first apartment was just a cubbyhole in a large building. It was no more that 8' by 12' and had a bed in one corner. My second was no more that a large walk-in closet. My current one is about 10 feet long by 12 feet wide, but it at least has two rooms.

2. scuzzy

The floors of the restaurant were extremely scuzzy. They were covered with spilled grease, crumbs of food, and cigarette butts.

scuzzy

The floors of the restaurant were extremely scuzzy. They were covered with spilled grease, crumbs of food, and cigarette butts.

3. remunerated

The contractor was always well remunerated for his work. For example, he received $10,000 for a small addition to a house and last year he was received $5,000 for reconstructing a stairway.

remunerated

The contractor was always well remunerated for his work. For example, he received $10,000 for a small addition to a house and last year he was received $5,000 for reconstructing a stairway.

4. breeches

The department store carries a variety of breeches, for example they carried Levis, Wranglers, and even some plain unlabeled brands made of cotton.

breeches

The department store carries a variety of breeches, for example they carried Levis, Wranglers, and even some plain unlabeled brands made of cotton.

5. bauble

Josie received a bauble for Christmas from her great aunt. This she put with her others, a pair of imitation earrings, a fake emerald pendant, and a ring that looked like a ruby.

bauble

Josie received a bauble for Christmas from her great aunt. This she put with her others, a pair of imitation earrings, a fake emerald pendant, and a ring that looked like a ruby.

เทคนิคการเดาความหมายศัพท์

สกุลเงินที่ใช้แต่ละประเทศ

Baht  country  thailand
Pound  country England
Ringit  country  Malaysian
Rupiah  country  Indonesian
Yuan  country  Chinese
Euro  country   Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.
Rupee country  Indian
Peso  country  Philippine
Yen  country  Japanese 
won  country  South Korean

ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม

Early currencyCurrency evolved from two basic innovations, both of which had occurred by 2000 BC. Originally money was a form of receipt, representing grain stored in temple granaries in Sumer in ancient Mesopotamia, then Ancient Egypt.
This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years. However, the collapse of the Near Eastern trading system pointed to a flaw: in an era where there was no place that was safe to store value, the value of a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. Trade could only reach as far as the credibility of that military. By the late Bronze Age, however, a series of international treaties had established safe passage for merchants around the Eastern Mediterranean, spreading from Minoan Crete and Mycenae in the northwest to Elam and Bahrain in the southeast. Although it is not known what functioned as a currency to facilitate these exchanges, it is thought that ox-hide shaped ingots of copper, produced in Cyprus may have functioned as a currency. It is thought that the increase in piracy and raiding associated with the Bronze Age collapse, possibly produced by the Peoples of the Sea, brought this trading system to an end. It was only with the recovery of Phoenician trade in the ninth and tenth centuries BC that saw a return to prosperity, and the appearance of real coinage, possibly first in Anatolia with Croesus of Lydia and subsequently with the Greeks and Persians. In Africa many forms of value store have been used including beads, ingots, ivory, various forms of weapons, livestock, the manilla currency, ochre and other earth oxides, and so on. The manilla rings of West Africa were one of the currencies used from the 15th century onwards to buy and sell slaves. African currency is still notable for its variety, and in many places various forms of barter still apply